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Untitled Document
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Red Book |
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| Data on the Red Book audio CD are organized into
Lead-in, Program, and Lead-out areas. The Lead-in area
contains the Table of Contents (TOC). The Program contains the
beginning and closing addresses of audio tracks, as well as
the audio tracks. |
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| The Lead-in area is where secessions begin and takes up 4,500
sectors (9MB). The Lead-out area is where the secessions end.
The first Lead-out on a disc is 6,750 sectors (13MB) and any
subsequent session is 2,250 sectors (4MB) on a multisecession
disc. |
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| After the Program area comes the Lead-out area of 1.5 minutes
long. It doesn't have actual data written and the digital value
is "0". Instead, it is the area where a session ends and where
CD players recognize the end of the data and stop. |
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| This is the area at the end of a session that indicates the
end of the data has been reached; there is no actual data written
in the lead-out. The first lead-out on a disc is 6750 sectors
(1.5 minutes, about 13.5 megabytes) long; any subsequent lead-outs
are 2250 sectors (.5 minute, about 4.5 megabytes). |
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| 1) Sector |
| The smallest recordable unit on a CD. A disc can contain
650 MB (75 sectors x 60 seconds x 74 minutes). The size
of a sector depends on what mode the data is recorded in: a
regular CD-ROM contains 2,048 bytes in a sector. |
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| 2) TOC(Table of Contents) |
| Table Of Contents offers the contents of disc data, including
the total length of data area, the number of tracks, their starting
locations and disc title. According to the Red Book, a total
of 99 tracks can be stored on a disc, and there should be 2
seconds (150 sectors) of gap between each track. Data on an
audio CD is organized into frames in order to ensure a constant
read rate, and each track contains certain amount of data in
frame. Each frame contains 24-bytes of user data, synchronization,
control, and error correction data. Frames are not arranged
in distinct physical units. Instead, one frame is interleaved
with many other frames so that a scratch or defect in the disc
will not destroy a single frame beyond correction. Rather, a
scratch will destroy a small portion of many frames, all of
which can be recovered. |
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| Each track on an Audio CD consists of sectors with each sector
containing 1.75 seconds of audio. Also, each sector has error
detection and correction codes to prevent or correct any possible
data error or damage, as well as the control that tells exact
location of the audio. |
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[ CD-DA의 Frame (588 Channel bits) ]
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Sync.
(24 Bits)
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Control Data
(1 Byte)
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Symbol Data
(12 bytes)
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Parity
(4 Bytes)
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Symbol Data
(12 Bytes)
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Parity
(4 Bytes)
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| The Red Book standard is for audio CDs only, which are unfit
for the storage of general computer data. Since audio CD reads
data in serial order, it comes across problems when trying to
read data that requires random access. Also, 24 bytes in each
frame are not enough to assign necessary addresses, and the
restriction of up to 99 tracks is not fit for the storage of
computer data. |
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| As efforts were made to store data other than audio, each
developer came up with their own ways to record data and used
a different, incompatible file format for CD-ROM. This problem
was addressed by the expert group gathered at the High Sierra
Hotel and Casino in California. They agreed to a file format
for CD-ROM concerning its sectors, blocks and record. |
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Audio CD (Red Book, CD-DA) |
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First CDs were for audio, so the CD-ROM of today is
divided into time and track. Sector is the basic unit
that constitutes each track. Sectors contain error correction
code (ECC), as well as audio data. As a result, A little
scratches on disc surface do not translate into any sound
troubles. |
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Yellow Book |
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| The Yellow Book (1985) is actually an extension to the
Red Book standards that support the storage of computer data.
While the Yellow Book retains the TOC, Lead-in, Program area,
Lead-out and basic error correction of the Red Book, it organizes
the frames defined in the Red Book into sectors: a disc is divided
into 333,000 sectors with each one consisting of 98 frames,
or 2,352 bytes. |
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| Header information is contained in the first 16 bytes of each
sector. Meanwhile, the header contains the location of each
sector and what mode the data is recorded in. Addresses of sectors
are expressed as minutes, seconds, and sectors (MM:SS:SS). However,
the Yellow Book format stops here, and it was left to the CD-ROM
developers to decide how to arrange sectors into logical blocks
and logical blocks into files. |
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| Yellow Book adds two more tracks to the Red Book
standards: Mode 1 for computer data and Mode 2 for compressed
audio and video data. With extra level of error correction information,
Mode 1 is to store data that is unforgiving of even the smallest
error, like computer programs or databases. As a result, the
mode provides excellent level of error correction though available
space of user data is reduced. On the other hand, Mode 2 is
to store data that is usually more tolerant of error, like audio
or video. The mode is designed to store as much amount of data
as possible by securing extra space with basic ECC. |
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| Mode 1 : Provides additional ECC of 276 bytes to the
Red Book EDC/ECC |
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Sync.
(12Bytes)
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Header
(4Bytes)
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User Data
(2048Bytes)
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More EDC
(4Bytes)
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Blank
(8Bytes)
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More ECC
(276Bytes)
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| Mode 1 provides 2,048 bytes of user data space
with 276 bytes of extra ECC, plus 4 bytes of EDC. Mode 2, however,
provides no more than basic EDC/ECC and therefore allows the
available sector space of 2,336 bytes for user data. |
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| Mode 2 : Provides the standard ECC of
the Red Book |
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Sync.
(12Bytes)
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Header
(4Bytes)
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User Data
(2336 Bytes)
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| The Yellow Book standards are also known as High Sierra
Format (HSF) after the place where the committee met. The
HSF was later adopted, with minor revisions, as ISO 9660
for Macintosh, MS-DOS, Unix, or VMS computers. |
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CD-ROM(Yellow Book)
Yellow Book, which defines CD-ROM, or Compact Disc-Read
Only Memory, was announced by Philips and Sony. CD-ROM is an
adaptation of the CD-DA, designed to store computer data. While
CD-ROM can store high-capacity data, it is also for read only
and cannot be written on - thus the name ROM. Generally, CD-ROM
is used to store computer data such as program or data files
that would turn out completely unintended result with just a
little error on a beat. |
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Green Book |
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| Sensational multimedia phenomenon was beginning
to sweep the world when Sony and Philips decided to launch a
development project. Three years of development resulted in
the new multimedia format CD-I (Compact Disc Interactive) in
1986. The Green Book defines two standards: CD-I and CD-ROM
XA. While CD-I has not been broadly used because it requires
a specialized player to playback, CD-ROM XA is still widely
used, especially to make up for the weak points of CD-ROM. |
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| CD-I(CD-Interactive,
Green Book) |
| CD-I was designed as a multimedia CD format that
supports real-time display of texts, sound, graphics, images,
animation and video. CD-I formatting or playback requires a
hardware especially designed to support CD-I format. It can
be connected to a TV set or a computer monitor for displaying
pictures and sound, or to a stereo system for audio data. CD-I
shares the same physical data structure with CD-ROM XA while
its file is similar to ISO 9660 in its form. Though CD-I was
announced earlier - in 1986 - than CD-ROM XA, it was not designed
to be run in the MS-DOS system; rather, it was developed for
household appliances. |
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| CD-ROM XA(eXtended Architecture)
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| CD-ROM standard enabled the storage
of high-capacity data on a disc. However, the growing multimedia
industry that focused on CD came to require changes in CD-ROM
standards. This led to the development of CD-ROM XA, a CD-ROM
extension designed to support displaying and reading of data,
graphics, video, and audio at the same time. The CD-ROM XA format
is an application extension of the Yellow Book (CD-ROM) and
draws on the Green Book (CD-I), a consumer electronics format.
When the computer data in the data area is read, the audio and
video stored in a compressed format along with the computer
data are displayed and read at what appears to be the same time.
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| CD-ROM XA is either Form 1 or Form
2, which are similar to Mode 1 and Mode 2 of CD-ROM. But CD-ROM
XA forms have 8 bytes of Sub-Header while CD-ROM modes do not.
This means that CD-ROM XA can only be run on a drive that supports
its format. CD-ROM drive does not support CD-ROM XA format.
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[ CD-ROM XA Form 1]
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Sync.
(12 byte)
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Header
(4byte)
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Sub-Header
(8byte)
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User Data
(2048 Bytes)
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EDC
(4 byte)
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ECC
(276 byte)
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[ CD-ROM XA Form 2 ]
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Sync.
(12 byte)
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Header
(4byte)
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Sub-Header
(8byte)
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User Data
(2324 Bytes)
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EDC
(4 byte)
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| Mixed Mode CD, a CD format that contains both a CD-ROM data
track and multiple CD-DA tracks on one disc, came into being.
A Mixed Mode disc consists of a data session followed by audio
session in general. In CD Extra, however, audio session comes
first. |
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The four-byte Header Field comes first in each sector
and contains sector address |
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and mode. |
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Orange Book |
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| Orange Book is the name of Recordable CD Standard
published by Philips and Sony. The Book is divided into two
sections: Part I deals with Magneto-Optical (CD-MO) technology,
and Part II deals with Write-Once system. Orange Book has a
few distinct features of its own. Physical features of CD media
after Red Book had been almost the same. But the magneto optical
discs are completely different from the previous pressed CD
in terms of physical features. Also, Orange Book mostly deals
with the media and does not contain specific references for
recording or playback modes. |
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| Orange Book classifies CD-R as a separate CD
for the convenience of recording. The Orange Book CD-R standard
basically splits the CD into two areas: the System Use Area
and the Information Area, which contains the Power Calibration
area (PCA), the Program Memory area (PMA), and one or more Lead-in,
Program and Lead-out areas. |
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| PCA(Power Calibration
Area) |
| Placed at the inside of the disc, PCA is where
the OPC (Optimum Power Calibration) test is performed to find
the optimum laser power setting for the writing laser. It is
a special area on every disc reserved for OPC. Every time a
disc is inserted into a CD-R drive and recording starts, the
process called OPC writes test data with different recording
power and read them back at the PCA to judge the optimum recording
power. OPC has nothing to do with the product life, and is influenced
by various things like recording speed, temperature, humidity
and condition of the disc. The OPC process is essential because
each media and each recording session may require different
level of laser power for the maximum recording quality. Every
time each OPC process is done and counted, the PCA space is
reduced. PCA can be written to only 99 times. |
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| PMA(Program Memory Area)
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| PMA is an area that temporarily contains the
TOC information when tracks are written in a session. When the
session is closed, the TOC is written in the session Lead-in
area. The area contains the track numbers of the recorded titles,
along with their start- and end- points. |
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White Book |
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| The White Book is the specification document for Video CD
released by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC. Since video
and audio data are stored in specifically encoded MPEG-1 compressed
form, the sound or picture qualities are as good as the qualities
of original source and can be played back in various environments.
MPEG-1 is an international standard (ISO/IEC 11172) that supports
the storage of 70-minute digital video of VHS-quality and the
audio compression whose sound quality is almost as good as the
CD audio. |
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| Video CD is also known as CD-i Bridge disc. |
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| CD-I Bridge(White Book) = Video
CD |
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CD-I Bridge is a special kind of CD-ROM XA format. Since it is possible to store CD-I information on a CD-ROM XA
disc, a Bridge disc is readable on both a CD-I player and a CD-ROM drive. CD-I information can be stored in the CD-ROM, Mode 2
format, not in Mode 1.
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